Who is holding the 2016 olympics

Same with tennis: The groundskeepers at Wimbledon have had decades to practice pulling out the rain tarps and emptying out the parking lots. Yet the Olympics tries to reinvent the wheel every time, fielding a new team of planners, contractors, accountants, technicians, security personnel, and volunteers every four years, and expecting them to execute myriad complex logistical tasks perfectly the first time out.

The author Roger Howard offers one potential solution: What if the IOC granted long-term hosting rights to one city, which in turn could sell rights to host each Olympic Games to a different country? The city would essentially be renting out its Olympics infrastructure. Imagine, for instance, Kenya organizing the opening and closing ceremonies in London. Howard continues:. Of course the choice of a permanent home for the Games would be highly contentious.

But such a responsibility could be exercised imaginatively, and even used as a form of developmental aid. So the IOC could offer this exclusive right to a developing country that desperately needs foreign investment.

Alternatively, the Games could be based on Western soil but the hosting rights perhaps sold to a developing country at a heavily subsidised price. Some propose rotating the Olympics among several cities that recently hosted the Olympics—perhaps choosing five to represent the five interlocking rings of the Olympic symbol—or cycling them through one permanent venue on each continent. While U. And although the cracks in Brazilian government started long before the Rio Games, the funding continued through the Games.

Today it's as much a political move as anything because it's the only money that goes directly to the athletes. The investments would have stopped.

It didn't stop. But when that all ended, nobody had a plan. Nobody knew what to do in this new reality. Leonardo Picciani, the Minister of Sport in Brazil, disputes the notion that there was no plan. According to research done by the Sports Ministry, more than 70 percent of Brazilians agree there should be public investment in sports -- it just has to be administered the right way, free of corruption.

But the governance has to be improved. We have to waste less money and have less bureaucracy and administrative issues and instead have more athletes in more competitions. The aftermath of the Rio Games has left many Brazilian athletes worried about their competitive future. Rafaela Silva still has trouble getting out of the house to take a walk along one of Rio's famed beaches or even go to the mall.

A year after she won Brazil's first gold in Rio, the year-old still isn't used to the attention that has come along with her kilogram victory in judo. The cruel, racially driven messages that followed a disappointing performance in London led her to almost quit the sport, but they have been replaced by words of encouragement and pride. Her social media followers have jumped from 10, to , in Instagram and she also has just over 72, Twitter followers. She trains at Institute Reacao, a nonprofit organization that promotes human development and social inclusion through sports.

She is one of the children who benefited most from the project and has added a major sponsor in Nike. She knows her reality is not the norm. These are the ones to think about. Of the 19 medals Brazil won in Rio, only seven of them were gold, including men's soccer and volleyball, sports that already had strong support in Brazil.

What is Rio's Olympic legacy? It depends on who you talk to in Brazil. Read ». The media turned quickly to political issues, the economic crisis, and the athletes lost sponsorships and attention. They've been forgotten. This money helped those who had no sponsor. The help was needed after Rousseff's replacement, Michel Temer, suspended certain stipend programs for six months -- blocking pay to medalists from national, continental and world championships while keeping Olympic medalist stipends intact.

The chance to apply for new stipends is slated to restart in August; so, under the best-case scenario, athletes will begin receiving their funding again in December.

Silva worries about the impact this will have on Brazilian sports in the run-up to Tokyo. How can you justify the expense of millions on sports when we have no hospitals? The "Seeds of Hope" plants have been held up in a local greenery with no rollout plan in sight. Courtesy Biovest. More than 2. The athletes placed the cartridges into mirrored towers. Olympic organizers called the procession "Seeds of Hope," explaining the containers would be planted as part of an Athlete's Forest in the Deodoro neighborhood of Rio.

But now, just over a year later, there is perhaps no greater example of the Rio Games' complicated legacy. The seedlings sit in planting pots under a sheer black canopy on a farm kilometers from Rio. Prior to last week, Marcelo de Carvalho Silva, the director of Biovert, the company responsible for the seeds, hadn't heard from Olympic organizers in months.

He had no idea what the plans were for the seeds, but he painstakingly watched over them for free, knowing what it would mean for his company -- and the country -- if something happened to them. And then, sure enough, Olympic officials finally reached out. Twenty-four million seedlings were supposed to be planted to offset the environmental impact of the Games.

But that has not happened. The trees that were part of Olympic Park are dying from a lack of irrigation and maintenance. The mayor blames the organizing committee; the organizing committee the government. The Olympics also could have political implications for Interim President Temer and the politicians governing the city of Rio de Janeiro and Rio de Janeiro state.

Temer is expected to carry out official host duties during the Games as the acting head of state, and while domestic support for his administration likely will depend on its ability to resolve the country's economic and political crises, the Olympics could improve domestic and international perceptions of Temer's legitimacy and strengthen his hold on the presidency.

On the other hand, any problems that emerge would likely be blamed on Temer and his political party, which controls the city and state governments of Rio de Janeiro. Other costs related to the Summer Games, such as additional security personnel, have yet to be determined. Many Brazilians view public expenditures on the Olympics as wasteful given the country's difficult financial situation and considerable social disparities.

The Temer Administration is currently considering cuts to Brazil's pension system and other social services as part of its efforts to reduce the national government's ballooning budget deficit. Likewise, Rio de Janeiro state, which has already cut expenditures steeply, declared a state of "public calamity" on June 17, warning that the government's lack of finances could "lead to the total collapse of public security, health, education, mobility and environmental management.

According to Moody's Investors Service, "the key benefit of the Olympics for the city of Rio will be lasting transport infrastructure improvements" that will reduce traffic congestion and potentially lower business costs. In the run-up to the Rio Games, American athletes, as well as athletes from other nations, expressed concerns about doping and whether the organizations charged with protecting clean athletes were up to the task.

Prompting this surge of concern were revelations that the Russian track and field team engaged in a doping scheme orchestrated by the Russian Athletic Federation RusAF; Russia's national governing body [NGB] for track and field and the perception, if not reality, that the World Anti-Doping Agency WADA was slow to respond when first made aware of the allegations in , as reported by both the New York Times and the television show 60 Minutes.

Although the U. In a June 20, , letter addressed to the president of WADA, the chairman of the Senate committee noted that WADA had been made aware, in , that Russian athletes were involved in a government-sanctioned doping scheme; that WADA's independence had been called into question; and that representatives of Olympic athletes had called upon WADA to expand its investigation to other sports in Russia and other countries.

One of the challenges identified by the committee is that "neither [WADA nor the IOC] is functionally organized to achieve [the goal of eradicating doping in sport]. On December 3, , a documentary aired on German television alleging "the existence of a sophisticated and well established system of state-sponsored doping with the All-Russia Athletics Federation ARAF.

The investigation, which began in January , concluded with the publication of two reports, the first of which focused on the allegations presented in the German television documentary. The report included two notable caveats. Although there were "reliable indications" that other sports in Russia had doping problems, the IC stated these sports were outside the scope of what it had been directed to investigate.

McLaren would lead the investigation. Russia's paralympic team has also been affected by the doping revelations. The suspension means the Russian Paralympic Committee is not permitted to enter its athletes in the Rio Paralympic Games, which will be held September , On June 21, , the IOC convened an Olympic Summit for the purpose of ensuring "a level playing field for all athletes participating" in the Games. Olympic Committee to take all necessary actions to prevent "doped athletes" from participating in the Games, to broaden their efforts to include sanctioning any athlete support personnel who are implicated in doping, and to refrain from requesting accreditation for the Games for "any person currently implicated in an anti-doping rule violation.

Though it does not appear that the scope of Kenya's doping problems approaches that of Russia's, Kenya has been beset by a series of issues. Kenya cannot assure the world that any of its athletes is drug-free, at least based on evidence collected by its national antidoping program. World Anti-Doping Agency officials say the Kenyan antidoping agency exists in name only. The government established the agency in the past year [] but has yet to finance it, WADA officials recently told [the journalist].

Focusing on athletes who might participate in the Rio Games, samples obtained during the Beijing Games were re-tested in the first round. The results indicated that 30 athletes from 6 sports and 12 countries had tested positive. The implications of this situation, including the IC Report and the IP Report, extend beyond the consequences for Russian sports organizations, athletes, and officials.

Other athletes in particular, non-Russian athletes have a vested interest in the outcomes of the investigation and related matters.

Generally, the representatives of the athletes organizations, in separate communications, expressed dissatisfaction with WADA's or the IOC's actions, and advocated for both organizations to do more to protect clean athletes and to protect sports in all countries. Effective August 2, , the Olympic Charter states that the IOC's role is, in part, "to protect clean athletes and the integrity of sport, by leading the fight against doping The Olympic Mo vement is all about the clean athletes.

They are our best ambassadors, they are our role-models, they are our treasure. Therefore we have first and foremost to protect the clean athletes. We have to protect them from doping, match-fixing, manipulation and corruption.

We have to change our way of thinking. We have to consider every single cent in the fight against these evils not as an expense but as an investment in the future of Olympic Sport. We have to realize that catching the cheats is extremely important but only a means to an end—the protection of the clean athletes. Since changing the Olympic charter, the IOC has taken, or proposed, several steps to enhance the protection of clean athletes.

The executive board proposed that WADA establish an independent entity for testing and results management, that the new entity include a unit dedicated to intelligence collection, and that "sports oganisations should transfer their doping control operations to this new organisation. This change, according to the board, would centralize the system of sanctions and be cost efficient while creating a more "harmonised anti-doping system among all sports and all countries.

International Standard for Laboratories Olympic Committee, "U. Olympic Committee Announces Member U. Two sports—golf and rugby—return to the Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.

IOC members voted on October 9, , to readmit these two sports to the Olympic program. Previously, golf was included in the Olympic program in Paris and St. Louis , and rugby was included in Paris and , London , and Antwerp In these four previous Olympics, each rugby team had 15 players.

The Rio Olympics will have the sport "Rugby sevens," which means each team has seven players. Bonnie D. Associated Press, "U. Clinkingbeard, Research Associate. Policy Considerations , coordinated by [author name scrubbed]. Michael A. Johansson, et al. Letter from Amir Attaran et al. See also Lena H. World Health Organization. Ardath Grills et al. Other studies support a similar conclusion. Letter from Scott A. Blackmun, Chief Executive Officer, U. Recent travelers and pregnant women are also urged to avoid being bitten by mosquitoes to prevent transmission of the virus to or from mosquitoes.

Unlike conventional kidnappings, which "are elaborately planned, with rich victims and prolonged negotiations," express kidnappings generally occur quickly and involve small amounts of ransom money. Information contained in this section of the paper is derived from open-source unclassified research. Classified information possessed by U. Intelligence Community or international security agencies may offer a different threat assessment.

Hereinafter, Sustainability Report. Environmental sustainability is a broad concept that essentially says that the needs of man can be met without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.

Hereinafter, OGI Report. The Plan acknowledged that a major challenge in shutting down dumpsites was the fact that they represented the only source of income for an estimated 1, waste pickers in Rio de Janeiro who provided subsistence for their families by scavenging materials on the sites.

Measures to help these individuals, after closure of open dumps, in at least one case involved governmental payments into a Waste Pickers Fund, which would disburse monies to waste pickers over a period of future years. Sustainability Report, pp. Primary treatment is designed to remove suspended and floating solids from raw sewage. Liz Clarke, "U. D1, D9. A1, New York edition. Relations , by [author name scrubbed]. The monetary figures in this paragraph were generated using an exchange rate of 1 U.

WADA is an independent, international organization whose "key activities include scientific research, education, development of anti-doping capacities, and monitoring of the World Anti-Doping Code Code —the document harmonizing anti-doping policies in all sports and all countries.

Additional, detailed information regarding these concerns is presented in the following subsection. The Appendix contains a list of acronyms used in this section of the report.

Rebecca R. Hosting the games is even more costly than the bidding process. Once a city wins a bid for hosting the Olympics, cities commonly add roads, build or enhance airports, and construct rail lines to accommodate the large influx of people. Housing for the athletes in the Olympic village, as well as at least 40, available hotel rooms and specific facilities for the events, must be created or updated as well.

Cities hosting the Olympics gain temporary jobs due to infrastructure improvements that continue benefiting the cities into the future. For example, Rio de Janeiro constructed 15, new hotel rooms to accommodate tourists. Additionally, thousands of sponsors, media, athletes, and spectators typically visit a host city for six months before and six months after the Olympics , which brings in additional revenue. The boost in job creation for cities hosting the Olympics is not always as beneficial as initially perceived.

Also, most jobs went to workers who were already employed, which did not help the number of unemployed workers. Also, income from the games often covers only a portion of expenses. As of , Los Angeles is the only host city that realized a profit from the games, mostly because the required infrastructure already existed.

Additionally, it is difficult ascertaining exactly which benefits come from hosting the Olympics. For example, Vancouver had planned many infrastructure projects before winning the bid for hosting the games. Many of the arenas constructed for the Olympics remain expensive due to their size or specific nature.

At the time of the event, Montreal was undergoing a dramatic surge in terms of its global profile. The Montreal Games ended up leaving a year legacy of debt and financial disaster for the city, with the decaying, custom-built venues remaining a forlorn eyesore for decades. The event stands as the embodiment of excess and irresponsible spending.

While this is an understandable expense, the building of unnecessary and ill-conceived permanent sporting venues was extremely difficult to comprehend. A number of these venues remain idle to this day. This lack of foresight and planning left the nation with a shortfall of 50, euros per Greek household, which has been shared among the taxpayers ever since.

Health concerns over the Zika virus that was spreading in Brazil caused many athletes to withdraw from the games and many spectators to not enter the country. The hoped-for economic benefit of hosting the games did not occur in Rio de Janeiro. According to The Associated Press, the city is late in paying teachers, hospital workers, and pensions, and crime has risen to almost record-breaking levels.

But then the COVID pandemic hit in the spring of , and the decision was made to postpone the Olympics to the summer of When brought a surge of COVID in many parts of the world, including in Japan, the decision was made to bar spectators.